Characteristics of the School Food Environment Affect the Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among Adolescents.

Sugar-sweetened beverages are widely available and accessible in school environment, and their presence and characteristics of this environment can influence their consumption. This study examines the association of drinking fountains per 100 students, soft drink sales, soft drink advertising, and the presence of street vendors and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among adolescents in Brazil. This cross-sectional study was carried out using data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents that was conducted between March 2013 and December 2014. The sample comprised 71,475 adolescents aged 12-17 years from 1,247 public and private schools in Brazilian cities. Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption was the dependent variable. The main effect was the school food environment, which was evaluated based on drinking fountains per 100 students, soft drink sales, soft drink advertising, and the presence of street vendors. Public and private schools that sold soft drinks were associated with higher average sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among adolescents. Our study highlights the importance of creating healthy school food environments by banning sugar-sweetened beverages in schools accordingly.

Health behavior patterns of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among Brazilian adolescents in a nationally representative school-based study.

Studies on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption patterns can help in the individual and population level management of chronic non-communicable diseases and other conditions. This study aimed to identify the association between health behavior patterns and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among Brazilian adolescents from a nationally representative school-based study. A cross-sectional study analyzed data from 71,553 adolescents aged 12-17 years who attended public and private schools in Brazilian cities, from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. Principal component analysis was performed to identify health behavior patterns, and ordered logistic regression was performed to identify the association between health behavior patterns and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (mL/day) was used as the dependent variable. The analyses were performed using Stata software version 14.0 with a significance level of 0.05. Patterns 2 (alcoholic beverage and smoking habit) and 3 (ultra-processed food and screen time) of health behaviors and regularly purchasing snacks in the school cafeteria increased the odds of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, while pattern 1 (water, unprocessed and minimally processed food and physical activity) decreased these odds. The adoption of healthy habits can indirectly stimulate the adoption of other habits beneficial to health. These results indicate the importance of adopting a set of regulatory measures to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption.

School Type, Eating Habits, and Screen Time are Associated With Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Among Brazilian Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) may be a result of the environmental influences to which adolescents are exposed and/or habits acquired since childhood through family interactions. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate whether type of school administration (public or private), eating habits, and screen time are associated with the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to total kilocalories consumed by Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) performed between March 2013 and December 2014. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Overall, 71,553 adolescents from 1,247 public and private schools in 124 Brazilian cities (with a population of more than 100,000) were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to the total kilocalories consumed, obtained using one 24-hour food recall. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Generalized linear models were used, guided by the hierarchical model. Sample complexity was considered using the Stata svy command, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Overall, UPFs contributed an average of 28% (95% CI, 27.80%-28.15%) of total energy intake. Based on the final multivariate analysis, a significantly higher UPF diet was observed among adolescents from private schools (P < .001), those who do not consume meals offered by schools (P < .001), those who do not eat breakfast regularly (P < .05), those who eat in front of screens almost every day or every day (P < .001), and those who spend more time in front of screens (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that UPF consumption is associated with school type, eating habits, and screen time among Brazilian adolescents.

The food environment of Brazilian public and private schools.

This study's aim was to characterize the food environment of Brazilian public and private schools. This was a national school-based cross-sectional study with 1,247 schools - among which 81.09% were public and 18.91% were private - in 124 Brazilian municipalities. The data originated from the Questionnaire on Aspects of the School Environment, used in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) in 2013 and 2014. Data analysis was conducted in 2017. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions. A greater proportion of public schools offered school meals (98.15%) in comparison to private schools (8.07%) (p < 0.001). The internal sale of food and beverages was more prevalent in private schools (97.75% vs. 45.06%, p < 0.001). Also, sale and advertisement of processed and ultra-processed foods (sodas, cookies, savory snacks, sandwiches and pizza), as well as the presence of vending machines for industrialized products (18.02% vs. 4%) (p < 0.001) were more common in private schools. Street vendors at the school gate or surroundings were identified in 41.32% of the public schools and 47.75% of the private schools (p > 0.05). These findings reveal the predominance of obesogenic environments mainly in private schools, and can contribute to the design of Brazilian public policies to promote a healthy school food environment.

Fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentos de risco associados ao consumo do álcool: um recorte do Erica / Socio-demographic factors and risk behaviors associated with alcohol consumption: a cutout of the Erica study

RESUMO O uso de álcool impacta a morbimortalidade na adolescência. Assim, este estudo objetivou identificar a relação entre álcool, variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentos de risco entre adolescentes do município de Belo Horizonte. Realizaram-se análise descritiva e testes de associação e regressão logística a partir dos dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares na Adolescência (Erica). Foi encontrado um consumo de álcool por 22,1% dos adolescentes. Os resultados da análise multivariada revelaram que não usar o Anticoncepcional Oral (ACO) na última relação aumentou 3,5 vezes as chances de o adolescente fazer uso de bebida alcoólica (OR: 3,5 IC95% 2,49-4,91). Fumar aumentou 7,25 vezes as chances de o adolescente fazer uso de bebida alcóolica (OR: 7,25 IC95% 3,7-14,22). Adolescentes do sexo masculino possuem 1,47 vezes mais chances de consumir bebidas alcoólicas que as meninas (OR: 1,47 IC95% 1,14-1,89). O avançar da idade aumenta 1,36 vezes a chance de o adolescente fazer uso de álcool (OR:1,36 IC95% 22-1,51). Apresentar maior valor de proxy de riqueza aumentou 1,04 vezes a chance de o adolescente consumir bebida alcoólica (OR: 1,04 IC95% 1,01-1,07). Assim, conclui-se que as ações em saúde voltadas para a prevenção do consumo do álcool entre adolescentes devem contemplar as diferenças entre as classes sociais, o gênero e a idade, bem como a prevenção do tabagismo e a promoção da saúde sexual e reprodutiva.

ABSTRACT Alcohol use impacts morbimortality in adolescence. Thus, this study aimed at identifying the relationship between alcohol, sociodemographic variables and risk behaviors among adolescents from the city of Belo Horizonte. Descriptive analysis and association tests and logistic regression were performed based on the data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (Erica). Alcohol consumption was found in 22.1% of the adolescents. The results of the multivariate analysis revealed that not using Oral Contraceptive (OC) in the last relation increased by 3.5 times the odds of adolescents consuming alcoholic beverage (OR: 3.5 CI95% 2.49-4.91). Smoking increased the chances of teenagers making use of alcoholic beverage by 7.25 times (OR: 7.25 CI95% 3.7-14,22). Male adolescents are 1.47 times more likely to consume alcoholic beverages than girls (OR: 1.47 CI 95% 1.14-1.89). Ageing increases 1.36 times the chance of adolescents using alcohol (OR: 1.36 CI95% 22-1.51). Presenting higher value of wealth proxy increased 1.04 times the chance of adolescents consuming alcoholic beverage (OR: 1.04 95% CI 1.01-1.07). Thus, it is concluded that health actions aimed at preventing alcohol consumption among adolescents should contemplate the differences between social classes, gender and age, as well as prevention of smoking and the promotion of sexual and reproductive health.

A interlocução da psicanálise com as políticas públicas de enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra a mulher

O presente artigo aborda sobre a violência doméstica contra a mulher no contexto dos direitos humanos e da saúde coletiva, apontando algumas questões que permeiam este diálogo com a psicanálise. Tem ainda como objetivo discutir questões relevantes que aí se apresentam, tais como a inserção da psicanálise no contexto das políticas públicas, as cifras cada vez mais alarmantes e midiatizadas, o lugar que a psicanálise ocupa no campo da violência doméstica contra a mulher e o que é possível nesta atuação provocando a mudança de posição subjetiva da mulher frente a violência(AU)

Factors associated with health risk behaviors among Brazilian adolescents: an integrative review. / Fatores associados aos comportamentos de risco à saúde entre adolescentes brasileiros: uma revisão integrativa.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying knowledge about factors associated with health risk behaviors among Brazilian adolescents. METHOD: An integrative review of the literature conducted in the Cochrane, IBECS, LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO databases in relation to risk behaviors recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (37) studies were analyzed, with a predominance of risky sexual behavior, tobacco use and violent behavior. Advancing age favored unprotected sex, alcohol and tobacco use. Family and friends influence was related to smoking and alcoholism. Males were more involved in situations of violence and the female gender was associated with physical inactivity. Belonging to a lower economic class was related to unprotected sex, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary behaviors and violence. Studying in private school was related to unhealthy dietary behavior. CONCLUSION: Risk behaviors were related to social, economic and family factors and they tend to agglomerate.

Fatores associados aos comportamentos de risco à saúde entre adolescentes brasileiros: uma revisão integrativa / Factores asociados con los comportamientos de riesgo sanitario entre adolescentes brasileños: una revisión integrativa / Factors associated with health risk behaviors among Brazilian adolescents: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento sobre fatores associados aos comportamentos de risco para a saúde entre adolescentes brasileiros. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados Cochrane, IBECS, LILACS, MEDLINE e SciELO, em relação aos comportamentos de risco recomendados pelo Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças. Resultados: Analisaram-se 37 estudos, com predomínio do comportamento sexual de risco, uso do tabaco e comportamento violento. O avançar da idade favoreceu o sexo desprotegido, o uso do álcool e tabaco. A influência familiar e de amigos relacionou-se com tabagismo e alcoolismo. O sexo masculino envolveu-se mais em situações de violência e o sexo feminino associou-se à inatividade física. Pertencer a classes econômicas mais baixas relacionou-se com sexo desprotegido, inatividade física, comportamento alimentar não saudável e violência. Estudar em escola privada referiu-se ao comportamento alimentar não saudável. Conclusão: Comportamentos de risco relacionaram-se a fatores sociais, econômicos e familiares e tendem a se aglomerar.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el conocimiento acerca de los factores asociados con los comportamientos de riesgo sanitario entre adolescentes brasileños. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos Cochrane, IBECS, LILACS, MEDLINE y SciELO, con respecto a los comportamientos de riesgo recomendados por el Centro de Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Resultados: Se analizaron 37 estudios, con predominio del comportamiento sexual de riesgo, tabaquismo y comportamiento violento. El avance de la edad favoreció el sexo desprotegido, el uso de alcohol y tabaco. La influencia familiar y de amigos se relacionó con tabaquismo y alcoholismo. El sexo masculino se involucró más en situaciones de violencia y el sexo femenino se asoció con la inactividad física. Pertenecer a clases económicas más bajas se relacionó con sexo desprotegido, inactividad física, comportamiento alimentario no sano y violencia. Estudiar en escuela privada se refirió al comportamiento alimentario no sano. Conclusión: Comportamientos de riesgo se relacionaron con factores sociales, económicos y familiares y tienden a aglomerarse.

ABSTRACT Objective: Identifying knowledge about factors associated with health risk behaviors among Brazilian adolescents. Method: An integrative review of the literature conducted in the Cochrane, IBECS, LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO databases in relation to risk behaviors recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: Thirty-seven (37) studies were analyzed, with a predominance of risky sexual behavior, tobacco use and violent behavior. Advancing age favored unprotected sex, alcohol and tobacco use. Family and friends influence was related to smoking and alcoholism. Males were more involved in situations of violence and the female gender was associated with physical inactivity. Belonging to a lower economic class was related to unprotected sex, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary behaviors and violence. Studying in private school was related to unhealthy dietary behavior. Conclusion: Risk behaviors were related to social, economic and family factors and they tend to agglomerate.

The food environment of Brazilian public and private schools / O ambiente alimentar das escolas públicas e privadas no Brasil / El ambiente alimentario de las escuelas públicas y privadas en Brasil

Abstract: This study's aim was to characterize the food environment of Brazilian public and private schools. This was a national school-based cross-sectional study with 1,247 schools - among which 81.09% were public and 18.91% were private - in 124 Brazilian municipalities. The data originated from the Questionnaire on Aspects of the School Environment, used in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) in 2013 and 2014. Data analysis was conducted in 2017. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions. A greater proportion of public schools offered school meals (98.15%) in comparison to private schools (8.07%) (p < 0.001). The internal sale of food and beverages was more prevalent in private schools (97.75% vs. 45.06%, p < 0.001). Also, sale and advertisement of processed and ultra-processed foods (sodas, cookies, savory snacks, sandwiches and pizza), as well as the presence of vending machines for industrialized products (18.02% vs. 4%) (p < 0.001) were more common in private schools. Street vendors at the school gate or surroundings were identified in 41.32% of the public schools and 47.75% of the private schools (p > 0.05). These findings reveal the predominance of obesogenic environments mainly in private schools, and can contribute to the design of Brazilian public policies to promote a healthy school food environment.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o ambiente alimentar das escolas públicas e privadas no Brasil. Este foi um estudo transversal nacional de base escolar com 1.247 escolas (81,09% públicas e 18,91% privadas) em 124 municípios brasileiros. Os dados foram obtidos do Questionário sobre Aspectos do Ambiente Escolar utilizado no Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) em 2013 e 2014. Os dados foram analisados em 2017. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar as proporções. Proporcionalmente mais escolas públicas ofereciam refeições escolares (98,15%), em comparação com as escolas privadas (8,07%) (p < 0,001). A venda de alimentos e bebidas no ambiente escolar interno era mais prevalente nas escolas privadas (97,75% vs. 45,06%, p < 0,001). Além disso, a propaganda e venda de alimentos processados e ultra-processados (refrigerantes, biscoitos, salgadinhos, sanduiches e pizza) também eram mais comuns nas escolas privadas, assim como, a presença de máquinas de autoatendimento com venda de produtos industrializados (18,02% vs. 4%) (p < 0,001). Os vendedores ambulantes no portão ou nos arredores da escola foram identificados em 41,32% das escolas públicas e 47,75% das escolas privadas (p > 0,05). Os achados revelam a predominância de ambientes obesogênicos, especialmente nas escolas privadas, e podem contribuir para a elaboração de políticas públicas brasileiras para promover um ambiente alimentar saudável nas escolas.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el ambiente alimentario de las escuelas públicas y privadas en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal nacional con base escolar, en 1.247 escuelas (81,09% públicas y 18,91% privadas), de 124 municipios brasileños. Los datos se obtuvieron del Cuestionario sobre Aspectos del Ambiente Escolar, utilizado en el Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA) en 2013 y 2014. Los datos fueron analizados en 2017. El test de chi-cuadrado se usó para comparar las proporciones. Proporcionalmente, más escuelas públicas ofrecían comidas escolares (98,15%), en comparación con las escuelas privadas (8,07%) (p < 0,001). La venta de alimentos y bebidas en el ambiente interno escolar era más prevalente en las escuelas privadas (97,75% vs. 45,06%, p < 0,001). Además, la propaganda y venta de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados (refrescos, galletas, aperitivos, sándwiches y pizza) también eran más comunes en las escuelas privadas, así como la presencia de máquinas de autoservicio con venta de productos industrializados (18,02% vs. 4%) (p < 0,001). Los vendedores ambulantes a la puerta de la escuela o en los alrededores de la escuela fueron identificados en un 41,32% de las escuelas públicas y 47,75% de las escuelas privadas (p > 0,05). Los hallazgos revelan la predominancia de ambientes obesogénicos, especialmente en las escuelas privadas, y pueden contribuir a la elaboración de políticas públicas brasileñas para promover un ambiente alimentario saludable en las escuelas.

Trancamentos de Matrícula no Curso de Medicina da UFMG: Sintomas de Sofrimento Psíquico / Canceled Enrollments on the UFMG Medical Course: Symptoms of Psychological Distress

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o sofrimento psíquico apresentado nas justificativas dos trancamentos semestrais de matrícula informados pelos estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e identificar fatores e contextos associados. Estudo retrospectivo e transversal, qualitativo e quantitativo, dos 141 requerimentos de trancamentos ocorridos entre julho de 2007 e julho de 2013, solicitados por 97 estudantes do primeiro ao 12º período do curso. Verificou-se predominância de requerimentos no ciclo básico (55,3%) e como motivação prevalente (59,6%) o sofrimento psíquico. Os trancamentos podem se revelar como sintomas do sofrimento psíquico dos estudantes, associados a fatores como adoecimento psíquico, reprovações, dúvida na escolha do curso, desentendimentos familiares e uso considerado abusivo de drogas. As motivações apresentadas nos pedidos de trancamentos alertam para a necessidade e importância de investimento institucional nos serviços de cuidado e atenção ao aluno de Medicina.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to investigate psychological distress given as justification by students to have canceled their enrollment on semesters of the Federal University of Minas Gerais medical course, and to identify associated factors and contexts. A retrospective, cross-sectional, qualitative and quantitative study was performed on the 141 claims made during the period of July 2007 to July 2013 by 97 students from the 1st to the 12th period of the course. Cancellations predominated in the Basic Cycle (55.3%) with psychological distress the main motivation (59.6%). The cancellations may prove to be symptoms of student psychological distress, associated with factors such as mental illness, failures, doubts over course selection, family disagreements, and what may be deemed as drug abuse. The reasons given for such cancellations warn of the need and importance of institutional investment into welfare services for medical students.

CONCEPÇÕES SOBRE ADOLESCENTES EM SITUAÇÃO DE VIOLÊNCIA SEXUAL / CONCEPCIONES SOBRE LOS ADOLESCENTES EN SITUACIÓN DE VIOLENCIA SEXUAL / CONCEPTIONS OF ADOLESCENTS IN SITUATIONS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Resumo Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo de abordagem qualitativa objetivando compreender as práticas discursivas dos profissionais de saúde sobre violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes. Foram entrevistados dez profissionais (médicos, enfermeiros, agentes comunitários e coordenador do programa) que compõem três equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) da cidade de Montes Claros, MG, Brasil. A abordagem discursiva para análise dos dados foi fundamentada em Michel Foucault, bem como em autores ligados ao campo da Saúde Coletiva. Os resultados indicam que, dentre os vários fatores que propiciam e/ou mantêm a violência sexual na forma de exploração comercial sexual de adolescentes, está a desigualdade econômica e social, aliada à desigualdade de gênero, pouco reconhecida pelos profissionais. A omissão/negação da questão se evidencia pela ausência de notificação obrigatória; inexistência de trabalhos preventivos na área; ações pontuais inadequadas às necessidades da adolescência, preconceito e falta de referência de uma rede de cuidados intersetoriais.(AU)

Resumen Este es un enfoque cualitativo de investigación de campo con el objetivo de entender las prácticas discursivas de profesionales de la salud sobre la violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes. Diez profesionales fueron entrevistados (médicos, enfermeras, trabajadores comunitarios y coordinador del programa) que forman tres equipos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) en la ciudad de Montes Claros, MG, Brasil. El enfoque discursivo al análisis de datos se basó en Michel Foucault, así como autores vinculados al campo de la Salud Pública. Los resultados indican que entre los diversos factores proporcionan y / o mantener la violencia sexual en forma de explotación sexual comercial de los adolescentes son las desigualdades económicas y sociales, así como la desigualdad de género, mal reconocidos por los profesionales. Omisión / negación de la materia se evidencia por la ausencia de notificación obligatoria; falta de trabajo preventivo en la zona; inadecuadas acciones específicas a las necesidades de los adolescentes, los prejuicios y la falta de referencia de una red de atención intersectorial.(AU)

Abstract This is a field qualitative approach aiming to understand the discursive practices of health professionals on sexual violence against children and adolescents. Ten professionals (doctors, nurses, community workers and program coordinator) that make up three teams from the city of Montes Claros, MG, Brazil's Family Health Strategy (FHS) were interviewed. The discursive approach to data analysis was based on Michel Foucault, as well as authors linked to the field of Public Health. The results indicate that, among the various factors which provide and/or maintain the sexual violence in form of commercial sexual exploitation of adolescents, are the economic and social inequality, coupled with gender inequality, little recognized by professionals. Omission / denial of the issue is evidenced by the absence of mandatory reporting; lack of preventive work in the area; specific actions inadequate to the needs of adolescence, prejudice and lack of reference to a network of intersectoral care.(AU)

Concepções sobre adolescentes em situação de violência sexual / Concepciones sobre los adolescentes en situación de violencia sexual / Conceptions of adolescents in situations of sexual violence

Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo de abordagem qualitativa objetivando compreender as práticas discursivas dos profissionais de saúde sobre violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes. Foram entrevistados dez profissionais (médicos, enfermeiros, agentes comunitários e coordenador do programa) que compõem três equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) da cidade de Montes Claros, MG, Brasil. A abordagem discursiva para análise dos dados foi fundamentada em Michel Foucault, bem como em autores ligados ao campo da Saúde Coletiva. Os resultados indicam que, dentre os vários fatores que propiciam e/ou mantêm a violência sexual na forma de exploração comercial sexual de adolescentes, está a desigualdade econômica e social, aliada à desigualdade de gênero, pouco reconhecida pelos profissionais. A omissão/negação da questão se evidencia pela ausência de notificação obrigatória; inexistência de trabalhos preventivos na área; ações pontuais inadequadas às necessidades da adolescência, preconceito e falta de referência de uma rede de cuidados intersetoriais.

Este es un enfoque cualitativo de investigación de campo con el objetivo de entender las prácticas discursivas de profesionales de la salud sobre la violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes. Diez profesionales fueron entrevistados (médicos, enfermeras, trabajadores comunitarios y coordinador del programa) que forman tres equipos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) en la ciudad de Montes Claros, MG, Brasil. El enfoque discursivo al análisis de datos se basó en Michel Foucault, así como autores vinculados al campo de la Salud Pública. Los resultados indican que entre los diversos factores proporcionan y / o mantener la violencia sexual en forma de explotación sexual comercial de los adolescentes son las desigualdades económicas y sociales, así como la desigualdad de género, mal reconocidos por los profesionales. Omisión / negación de la materia se evidencia por la ausencia de notificación obligatoria; falta de trabajo preventivo en la zona; inadecuadas acciones específicas a las necesidades de los adolescentes, los prejuicios y la falta de referencia de una red de atención intersectorial.

This is a field qualitative approach aiming to understand the discursive practices of health professionals on sexual violence against children and adolescents. Ten professionals (doctors, nurses, community workers and program coordinator) that make up three teams from the city of Montes Claros, MG, Brazil's Family Health Strategy (FHS) were interviewed. The discursive approach to data analysis was based on Michel Foucault, as well as authors linked to the field of Public Health. The results indicate that, among the various factors which provide and/or maintain the sexual violence in form of commercial sexual exploitation of adolescents, are the economic and social inequality, coupled with gender inequality, little recognized by professionals. Omission / denial of the issue is evidenced by the absence of mandatory reporting; lack of preventive work in the area; specific actions inadequate to the needs of adolescence, prejudice and lack of reference to a network of intersectoral care.

ERICA: prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated 37,504 adolescents who were participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, school-based, national study. The adolescents, aged from 12 to 17 years, lived in cities with populations greater than 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was stratified and clustered into schools and classes. The criteria set out by the International Diabetes Federation were used to define metabolic syndrome. Prevalences of metabolic syndrome were estimated according to sex, age group, school type and nutritional status. RESULTS Of the 37,504 adolescents who were evaluated: 50.2% were female; 54.3% were aged from 15 to 17 years, and 73.3% were from public schools. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.6% (95%CI 2.3-2.9), slightly higher in males and in those aged from 15 to 17 years in most macro-regions. The prevalence was the highest in residents from the South macro-region, in the younger female adolescents and in the older male adolescents. The prevalence was higher in public schools (2.8% [95%CI 2.4-3.2]), when compared with private schools (1.9% [95%CI 1.4-2.4]) and higher in obese adolescents when compared with nonobese ones. The most common combinations of components, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides and blood pressure. Low HDL was the second most frequent component, but the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (26.8%) was observed in the presence of high triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS ERICA is the first Brazilian nation-wide study to present the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and describe the role of its components. Despite the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome being low, the high prevalences of some components and participation of others in the syndrome composition shows the importance of early diagnosis of this changes, even if not grouped within the metabolic syndrome.

ERICA: prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescent students, according to geographical macro-regions, school type, sex, and age. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents who participated in the Cardiovascular Risk Study in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national, school-based study conducted in 2013-2014 in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. A self-administered questionnaire and an electronic data collector were employed. The presence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of common mental disorders by sex, age, and school type, in Brazil and in the macro-regions, considering the sample design. RESULTS The prevalence of common mental disorders was of 30.0% (95%CI 29.2-30.8), being higher among girls (38.4%; 95%CI 37.1-39.7) when compared to boys (21.6%; 95%CI 20.5-22.8), and among adolescents who were from 15 to 17 years old (33.6%; 95%CI 32.2-35.0) compared to those aged between 12 and 14 years (26.7%; 95%CI 25.8-27.6). The prevalence of common mental disorders increased with age for both sexes, always higher in girls (ranging from 28.1% at 12 years to 44.1% at 17 years) than in boys (ranging from 18.5% at 12 years to 27.7% at 17 years). We did not observe any significant difference by macro-region or school type. Stratified analyses showed higher prevalence of common mental disorders among girls aged from 15 to 17 years of private schools in the North region (53.1; 95%CI 46.8-59.4). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of common mental disorders among adolescents and the fact that the symptoms are often vague mean these disorders are not so easily identified by school administrators or even by health services. The results of this study can help the proposition of more specific prevention and control measures, focused on highest risk subgroups.

ERICA: patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To describe the patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We investigated adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). This is a cross-sectional, national and school-based study, which surveyed adolescents of 1,247 schools from 124 Brazilian municipalities. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire with a section on alcoholic beverages consumption. Measures of relative frequency (prevalence), and their 95% confidence intervals, were estimated for the following variables: use of alcohol beverages in the last 30 days, frequency of use, number of glasses or doses consumed in the period, age of the first use of alcohol, and most consumed type of drink. Data were estimated for country and macro-region, sex, and age group. The module survey of the Stata program was used for data analysis of complex sample. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents, who accounted for 72.9% of eligible students. About 1/5 of adolescents consumed alcohol at least once in the last 30 days and about 2/3 in one or two occasions during this period. Among the adolescents who consumed alcoholic beverages, 24.1% drank it for the first time before being 12 years old, and the most common type of alcoholic beverages consumed by them were drinks based on vodka, rum or tequila, and beer. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescents, as well as their early onset of alcohol use. We also identified a possible change in the preferred type of alcoholic beverages compared with previous research.

ERICA: prevalences of hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95%CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95%CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95%CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95%CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95%CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95%CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95%CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95%CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.

ERICA: prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescents / ERICA: prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns em adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescent students, according to geographical macro-regions, school type, sex, and age. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents who participated in the Cardiovascular Risk Study in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national, school-based study conducted in 2013-2014 in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. A self-administered questionnaire and an electronic data collector were employed. The presence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of common mental disorders by sex, age, and school type, in Brazil and in the macro-regions, considering the sample design. RESULTS The prevalence of common mental disorders was of 30.0% (95%CI 29.2-30.8), being higher among girls (38.4%; 95%CI 37.1-39.7) when compared to boys (21.6%; 95%CI 20.5-22.8), and among adolescents who were from 15 to 17 years old (33.6%; 95%CI 32.2-35.0) compared to those aged between 12 and 14 years (26.7%; 95%CI 25.8-27.6). The prevalence of common mental disorders increased with age for both sexes, always higher in girls (ranging from 28.1% at 12 years to 44.1% at 17 years) than in boys (ranging from 18.5% at 12 years to 27.7% at 17 years). We did not observe any significant difference by macro-region or school type. Stratified analyses showed higher prevalence of common mental disorders among girls aged from 15 to 17 years of private schools in the North region (53.1; 95%CI 46.8-59.4). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of common mental disorders among adolescents and the fact that the symptoms are often vague mean these disorders are not so easily identified by school administrators or even by health services. The results of this study can help the proposition of more specific prevention and control measures, focused on highest risk subgroups.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns em adolescentes escolares brasileiros, segundo macrorregiões, tipo de escola, sexo e idade. MÉTODOS Foram avaliados 74.589 adolescentes participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), estudo transversal, nacional, de base escolar, realizado em 2013-2014 em municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes. Utilizou-se questionário autopreenchível e coletor eletrônico de dados. Presença de transtornos mentais comuns foi avaliada por meio do General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Estimaram-se prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% de transtornos mentais comuns por sexo, idade e tipo de escola, no Brasil e nas macrorregiões, considerando o desenho da amostra. RESULTADOS A prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns foi de 30,0% (IC95% 29,2-30,8), sendo mais elevada entre meninas (38,4%; IC95% 37,1-39,7), quando comparadas aos meninos (21,6%; IC95% 20,5-22,8) e entre os adolescentes de 15 a 17 anos (33,6%; IC95% 32,2-35,0), em relação àqueles entre 12 e 14 anos (26,7%; IC95% 25,8-27,6). As prevalências de transtornos mentais comuns aumentaram conforme a idade, para ambos os sexos, sempre maior nas meninas (variando de 28,1% aos 12 anos, até 44,1% aos 17 anos), do que nos meninos (variando de 18,5% aos 12 anos até 27,7% aos 17 anos). Não houve diferença importante por macrorregião ou tipo de escola. Análises estratificadas mostraram maior prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns entre meninas de 15 a 17 anos de escolas privadas da região Norte (53,1; IC95% 46,8-59,4). CONCLUSÕES A elevada prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns entre os adolescentes e o fato de os sintomas serem muitas vezes vagos fazem com que esses transtornos sejam pouco identificados por gestores escolares ou mesmo serviços de saúde. Os resultados deste estudo podem ajudar na proposição de medidas de prevenção e controle mais específicas e voltadas para os subgrupos sob maior risco.

ERICA: patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents / ERICA: padrões de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We investigated adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). This is a cross-sectional, national and school-based study, which surveyed adolescents of 1,247 schools from 124 Brazilian municipalities. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire with a section on alcoholic beverages consumption. Measures of relative frequency (prevalence), and their 95% confidence intervals, were estimated for the following variables: use of alcohol beverages in the last 30 days, frequency of use, number of glasses or doses consumed in the period, age of the first use of alcohol, and most consumed type of drink. Data were estimated for country and macro-region, sex, and age group. The module survey of the Stata program was used for data analysis of complex sample. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents, who accounted for 72.9% of eligible students. About 1/5 of adolescents consumed alcohol at least once in the last 30 days and about 2/3 in one or two occasions during this period. Among the adolescents who consumed alcoholic beverages, 24.1% drank it for the first time before being 12 years old, and the most common type of alcoholic beverages consumed by them were drinks based on vodka, rum or tequila, and beer. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescents, as well as their early onset of alcohol use. We also identified a possible change in the preferred type of alcoholic beverages compared with previous research.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever padrões de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS Foram investigados adolescentes participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). Trata-se de estudo transversal, multicêntrico, nacional e de base escolar, que avaliou adolescentes de 1.247 escolas em 124 municípios brasileiros. Os participantes responderam questionário autoaplicável que incluía seção sobre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Foram calculadas medidas de frequência relativa (prevalências) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% para as seguintes variáveis: uso de bebidas alcoólicas nos últimos 30 dias, frequência de uso, número de copos ou doses consumidas no período, idade com que bebeu pela primeira vez e tipo de bebida mais consumido. Os dados foram estimados para o País e por macrorregião, sexo e grupo etário. Utilizou-se o módulo surveydo programa Stata para análise de dados de amostra complexa. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 74.589 adolescentes, que representaram 72,9% dos alunos elegíveis. Cerca de 1/5 dos adolescentes consumiram bebidas alcoólicas pelo menos uma vez nos últimos 30 dias e, desses, aproximadamente 2/3 o fizeram em uma ou duas ocasiões no período. Entre os adolescentes que consumiam bebidas alcoólicas, 24,1% beberam pela primeira vez antes de 12 anos de idade, e os tipos de bebidas alcoólicas mais consumidas pelos adolescentes foram os drinques à base de vodca, rum ou tequila e a cerveja. CONCLUSÕES Observou-se prevalência elevada de uso de álcool por adolescentes, assim como um início precoce. Identificou-se ainda uma possível mudança do tipo de bebida de preferência em comparação com investigações anteriores.

A metodologia da construção do caso na cidade: um saber para além dos protocolos e seus efeitos no trabalho da assistência social / The methodology of clinical case construction in the city: a knowledge beyond the protocols and its effects at social assistance work

O presente trabalho relata a experiência da construção do caso clínico no âmbito da política municipal de assistência social em Belo Horizonte. O projeto de extensão, fruto da parceria entre a Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e a Secretaria Municipal Adjunta de Assistência Social da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, para formação de seus técnicos, tornou-se lugar propício ao exercício e aprimoramento da metodologia da construção do caso, tomada como prática interdisciplinar, orientada pela psicanálise e pelo marxismo, da qual participaram os profissionais dos serviços, professores e alunos da universidade. Como se pode ver, a metodologia parte dos impasses enfrentados e, ao privilegiar o saber dos profissionais e dos usuários na elaboração de saídas e propostas, produz efeitos de vivificação do trabalho.

This paper reports the experience of the clinical case construction within social assistance policy in Belo Horizonte. This project results of a partnership between the Federal University of Minas Gerais and the Social Assistance department of Belo Horizonte's municipal administration and planned for training its workers. The project has become an important place to exercise and improve the clinical case construction methodology, taken as an interdisciplinary practice oriented by the psychoanalysis and Marxism, which involved social assistance professionals, university professors and students. As we can see, the methodology based on by some daily impasses, and, by favoring the knowledge of professionals and users in the development of outputs and proposals, it has produced enlivenment effects at work.

The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents--ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, "ERICA") is a multicenter, school-based country-wide cross-sectional study funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which aims at estimating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including those included in the definition of the metabolic syndrome, in a random sample of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in Brazilian cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Approximately 85,000 students were assessed in public and private schools. Brazil is a continental country with a heterogeneous population of 190 million living in its five main geographic regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast). ERICA is a pioneering study that will assess the prevalence rates of cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian adolescents using a sample with national and regional representativeness. This paper describes the rationale, design and procedures of ERICA. METHODS/DESIGN: Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire using an electronic device, in order to obtain information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, sleeping hours, common mental disorders and reproductive and oral health. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and waist circumference) and blood pressure were also be measured. Blood was collected from a subsample of approximately 44,000 adolescents for measurements of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin. DISCUSSION: The study findings will be instrumental to the development of public policies aiming at the prevention of obesity, atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes in an adolescent population.